homo sapiens

• cro-magnon 30000 years old
• dordonge, France - recording information outside the brain
• emergence of the rise of human figurines
• increased coordination in hunting
• 1000 - end of Pleistocene
•  painted bison skull
• blackfeet
• tried to drive bison over hills to kill them
• negotiating landscape
• Jim Crowshoe Piegan Blackfeet
• chief mountain - blackfeet center of the world
• beaver man - spirit forces in natural environment
• mad wolf
• beaver bundle 1912
• songs as social contracts with spirit forces in he environment
• keeper of the scared medicine pipe
• blackfeet culture hero feather woman
• bringing home the ancient pipe bundle form the
• mrs. annie buffalo
• inskim - bison effigy stones (fossils)

•  We can apply our knowledge of evolutionary process to understand the nuances of our ancestry

Later Members of the genus homo

• The later homo species had larger cranial capacities, more orthoganic (or flatter ) faces and smaller teeth
• their postcrania were more similar to those of modern humans, and unlike our earlier relatives, these later homo species were obligate bipeds

• 20 types of human ancestors
• homo erectus is 2 million years old
• found the jaw bone of a 100000 year old boy
• very few Neanderthals lived past the age of 30

• homo hidelbergensus chose specific areas to hunt certain species
• found fossilized pollen in the fossilized poop
• pollen was from the geinista
• lazaret cave 100000 BP
• found hand axes
• had sophisticate ideas of living spaces
• calico early man site aka. The yermo site A.D. 200000- 100000
• lake manix
• frederico solorzano

homo neanderhalensis

• ultimate survivalists
• almost exclusively meat eaters
• drastic changes about 200000 years ago
• homo heidelbergensis hunting bands

omo 1 and omo 2

• oldest human fossils identified
• the remains were found in kibish rock near the omo river

homo sapiens in Africa

• two theroies
• out of Africa
• found in hetro, Ethiopia
• chris stringer of London
• evidence of human modification like cut marks

neanderthal dna

• nuclear dna
• Edward rubins team from Lawrence Berkeley national laboratory in California
• researchers have also studied ancient DNA anatomically  modern homo sapiens from Europe dating to the same time period

neanderthal pathology

• located in the kaprina rock shelter in coratia
• fibrous dysplasia - has scars and can cause bones to scar
• it is present in living humans
• need to do x rays in order to find out if you have it
• neo plastic diseases increased because of our lifespan

• physical anthropologists have defined two ancestreal species
• will answer 2 out of the three topics 
• post cranial bones 
• humurus, ribs, vertabrae, radius and ulna, pelvis, tibia and fibula 
• plicene : 5 million to 2.5 million 
• savannah enviorment 
• a savanna is a mixed woodland, grassland ecosystem 
• savvana's thrive near lake sides 
• pleistocene 
• 2.5 million-10000 years ago 
• homo habalis - handy man is an intermediarie 
• austrolopithecus - homo habilis - homo erectus 
• a walk through the human evolution 
• the reveal fossils have thought scientists tangiingly 
• bipedalism creates minimum amount of exposure to the sun 
• the other is the sight line because you can see higher and further 
• austrolopithecus used pebble tools 
• bonobos stand up 
• astrolopithicus is a soutern ape and an eastern ape 
• can walk bipedaly across grasslands 
• can seek protection within the trees 
• protein rich meet lets them have a larger body and a larger brain 
• gender dimorphism 
• leapords eat astrolopithicus 
• pebble tools are crude 
• 1 or 2 percussive strikes
• evolution of hunting strategies 
• specific social units 
• acheulean hand axe 
• social engagment - cooperative hunting 
• toralba-ambrona, spain excavated in the 1960's 
• broca's area 
• speech production 
• homoerectus speaks 
• arcurate fasiculus 
• raymond dart 
• louis leaky and mary leaky - multiple species of astrolopithesines 
• donald johansne and his discovery of lucy 
• richard leaky and meave leaky 

pliogene

• 5 million - 2.5 million 
• 2.5-10000 
• Pleistocene
•  homo ergaster 
• homo erectus 
• homo ergaster is the archaic original ancestor 
• dmanisi, georgia
• homo erectus spread across grasslands  and killed those animals 
• social groups provided them with protection 
• aged people preserved them because of their knowledge 
• 
  

antapuerca site

• archeological site 
• site of several limestone caves 
• located near city of burgos in north spain 
• rich fossils records 
• most important sites 
• pit of the elephant 
• 
  

wooley rhinosorus

• horns 
• a strain vector biochemical investigation of the skull, mandible 
• extinction was from human hunting and climate change 

mammoths

• we know about mammoths 
• mammoths are extinct animals and are relative to todays elephants 
• 
  

lab 6

• cranium - the skull without the jawbone 
• frontal bone - the most anterior bone of the cranium 
• brow ridge - a bony ridge located above the eye orbits 
• parietal bone - one of the pair of bones posterior to the frontal bone that forms the top of the cranium 
• occipital bone - the bone that forms the back and base of the cranium 
• temporal bone - one of the pair of bones inferior to the parietal bone on each side of the cranium 
• zygomatic arch - cheekbone area formed by numerous small bones, allowing a space for the jaw muscles that attach to the mandible below and the temporal bone above 
• mastoid process - the bony projection located posterior to the ear the mandiblebelow and the temporal bone above 
• mastoid process - the bony projection located posterior to the ear that allows for the attatchment of neck muscles 
• auditory ossicles - the three tiny bones that help from each middle ear 
• spenoid bone - the butterfly shaped bone between the cranial vault and face 
• ethmoid - the small cube-shaped bone between the frontal and sphenoid bone in the cranium 
• maxilla ( maxillae, plural) one of the pair of bones that forms the face and holds the upper teeth

lab 5

• connective tissue - body tissue  extracellular matrmade of cells, fibers ( such as collagen fibers) and extracellular matrix 
• cartilage - a type of flexible connective tissue found at the joints between bones and in the nose and ear 
• articulation - a meeting between bones in the body 
• fibrous joint - a joint united by irregular, fibrous connective tissue that allows for little to no movement 
• cartilaginous joint - a joint united by cartilage that allows some movement 
• synovial joint - a highly mobile joint held together by ligaments and irregular connective tissue that forms a fluid-filled articular capsule
• bones play two key roles in our bodies. 
• First, the bones of the skeleton have a structural function. They act like the wood frame of a house. The muscles attatch to the bones, like drywall is attached to wood studs. This gives the muscles the structural support they need and provides a system of levers the muscles can use to move the body. The framing of a house also provides  a protected area where the plumbing and the electric wiring can be erected. Many of the bones in our bodies act as a similar protective structures. The second major function of the skeleton is a physological function, meaning the skeleton is an essential part of the normal and healthy functioning of the body. Inside the bones, there is a soft tissue called bone marrow. There are two types of bone marrow red and yellow 
• The red marrow is tissue that is capable of producing blood cells for the rest of the body. 
• The yellow marrow is made up of mostly fat cells, and the amount of yellow marrow increases as adults age.
• Bones also store calcium and phosphorus 
• woven bone - a types of bone that is onorganized and primarily found in immature bone 
• lamellar bone - a type of organized, mature bone 
• cortical bone - the spongy ( honeycomblike) tissue that forms the inside of lamellar bone 
• osteoblast - a bone cell responsible for forming bone 
• osteocyte - a bone cell responsible for bone maintenance 
•  osteocyte - a bone cell responsible for bone  maintenance 
• osteclast -  a bone cell responsible for removing bone 
• bone remodeling - the process of bone resorption and re-formation  
• long bone - a bone with an elongated middle shaft and distinct, slightly larger ends 
• short bone - a bone with a cube-like shape, with similar width and length dimensions 
• flat bone - a bone with a layer of trabecular bone sandwiched between two thin layers of flat cotical bone 
• irregular bone - a bone witha complex shape that is not easily classified as long, short, or flat 
• projection - an area of bone that protrudes from the main bone surface 
• sagittal crest - a ridge of bone along the mid line of the cranium that allows for the attachment of extra-large chewing muscles 
• depression- a hollow or depressed area of a bone 
• fossa ( fossae, plural) a shallow depression in a bone 
• groove - a furrow along the surface of a bone
• foramen (foramina, plural) a hole in a bone 
• canal - a narrow tunnel or tubular channel in a bone 
• foramen magnum - a large hole at the base of the cranium that allows the brain to connect to the spinal cord
• axial skeleton - the bones that lie along the midline ( centeral axis) of the body 
• appendicular skeleton - the bones of the appendages ( arms and legs) 
• superior - relative location lower on the body's axis 
• inferior - relative location lower on the body's axis 
• medial - relative location closer to the midline of the body 
• lateral - relative location farther from the midline of the body 
• proxial- relative location closer to the trunk of the body 
• distal- relative location farther away from the trunk of the body 
• anterior- relative location toward the front of the body 
•  dorsal - relative location toward the back of the body 
• venteral - relative location toward the belly of the body 
• 
  

• used tools to break nuts 
• pebble tools - used to cut 
• ardi-afar/greek term for "root" 
• 4.4 million years ago 
• middle awash area 
• humans have long term memories but chimpanzees can not 

austlopithecus

• the oldest hominin species to make stone tools 
• using those tools to extract fats from animal bones 

gigantopithicus

• another name is "giant ape 
• it was named by gustav heinrich ralph von koenigswald in 1935 
• it was estimated 
• they were discovered through a few hundreds of teeth and a few mandables ( lower jaws 
• in 1935 gustav discovered gigantopithecus while visiting a chinese apothecary shop in hong kong where he found an unusual 
• they were found to be herbivores, their diet consits mostly of plants. this was inferred by the shape of their mouth and their wide flat teeth 
• g.blacki ( southeast asia) mostly ate bamboo 
• there is not one single event that could help paleontologists 
• 
  

steinheim skull

• the inner ear of the fossil has a feature in which neanderthals and hom sapiens differ 
• the location of the
• brain tumor ebrhard karls universit of tuebgen in 2003 by Alfred Czarneriki, 

homo florensis

• discovered on the indonesian island of flores in 2003 by a joint Australlian Indonesian team of archelogists 
• the most important and obvious identifying features of h, florensis 
• 
  

origins of fire

• homo erectus 1.z million hearth fire pits 
• lower paleolithic ( ston age) 
• older woman 
• control fire 
• natural occurance ( lightning, metor impacts) 
• use of fire 
• heat treat tools 
• used for cooking 
• used to keep warm 
• modern uses 
• changes in evolution 
• smaller jaws 
• saller teeth 
• softer food 
• smaller gut 

kabwe 1

• site : kabawe, zambia 
• year
• kabawe cranium, also called broken hill cranium. Fossilized skull of an extinct human species (genus homo) found 
• broke hill 1 or kabwe 1, is noted for its massive facial features 
• 
  

• homo caprensis was found in 1994 coincidentally by construction workers in a highwayrobital region medially concave 
• intermediate position of the external auditory meatus in regard to the processus zygomati 
• age of ho cepranesis 
• "ceperano man" 
• between 300000 and 500000 years ago 
• cranial features in between 
• what they found 
• it has a unique combination of morphological features including incomplete sclus suprabitalis 
• frontal tuber weekly developed medially shifted,

• deinotherium 
• sivatherium 
• savannah 
• jane goodall 
• austrolopythesines compete with hayeenas, lions and chimpanzees 
• trees provide fruit 
• 
  

Homo Rudolfensis

• fossil uncovered by richard leaky in 1972 
• discovered in lake turkana 
• location: eastern africa 
• critical feature: a braincase size of 775 cubic centimeters 
• originally considered to be H.habiis, differ with larger braincase 
• 
  

humans as hunters

• 2.6 million years ago early humans used stone tools to hunt 
• earliest stone tools dated to paleolithic period created austolopithesus
• human weapons timeline 
• 400000 bc- earliest known evidence of humans using spears 
• 40000-25000 bc the altatl, uses for throwind flexible darts 
• human focus heavily on adult prey 
• modern technologies allow humoans to hunt with minimal danger 
• human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals and that the activity of hunting 
• 
  

Homo Habilis "Handy Man"

• discover in 1960 
• lived in south eastern africa 
• lived 2.4 illion - 1.4 million years ago 
• specifically in tanzania, fossil remains were found in Olduvai Gorge by Louis and Mary Leaky and their team 
• height: 2'4- 4'5 
• weight: 70 pounds 
• the term handy man comes from the habiis' ability to have stone tools found in their sites 
• it's said that homo 
• anthropoligists are still looking for more facts today 
• a lot more has not been found over the years 

the presidency and the executive branch

• the president as the leader of the executive branch 
• the president is responsible for implementing 

charles darwin 1809-1882

• john thomas scopes 1900-1970
• dayton tennese he taught as a football coach and a civic biology teacher 
• clarence darrow 
• william jennings bryan
• july 21st 1925 - john scopes was fined for teaching evolution 
•  piltdown
• raymand dart 
• robert broom 
• austrolopithacus 
• fricanus 
• olduvai gorge 
• 
  

australopithecus sediba

• in 2008, the first known speciman of Australopithecus sediba was found
• berger belived that sediba may have been a transitional species between 
• estimated to have lived between 1.977 and 1.98 million years 
• functional changes in the pelvis suggests the evoulution of upright walking 
• measurments of the strength of the humerus and femur 
• skull also has relatively small premlars and molars, and facial features 
• sediba was discovered not that long ago,

Lab 3

• inheritance - the passing of traits from one generation to the next 
• Gregor Mendel conducted a series of tests in a monastery located in the present-day czech republic
• he crossbred pea plants in the monastery garden and tracked the expression of different characteristics across multiple generations 
• some of the traits he studied included flower color, stem length, and pea color 
• 
  

Ape to Man

• charles darwin suggest that all living things came from earlier simpiler things including humans and published the origin of species 
• no one cared about the book at the time 
• humans could only have descended from apes 
• people were afraid of this notion because they feared being related to apes 
• johan karl 
• fuhlrott 
• eugene dubois searched for the missing link in southeast asia 
• homo erectus 
• moves to the island of java for his search 
• uses mathematics to find the missing link 
• he claims he has found the missing link pithcatherous erctus 
• 1.8 million - 200000 - homo erectus 
• similar to our own in shape and 2/3 the size of the brain 
• first to eat meat 
• they were scavengers
• for the first time body hair is leaving and not panting in the heat creating human speach 
• first to have broke bones and healing 
• first to discover fire 
•  

Astrolopegus

was found in 1995 

physical features 

their body size was probably similar to modern chimpanzees 

diet 

based off their reeth they ate large fruits and vegetables 

sterkontein mine

in south africa 15 km northwest of jhonesburg 

in 1896 guglielm matinaglia found the mine 

david draper 

in the 1890's, geologists called for the strekfontein caves to be protected 

austropithecus africanus was found there 

oldest known early humans from southern Africa 

combination of human like and ape like feature 

shoulder and hand bones indicated they were also adapted for climbing 

taung child was found there 

institute for field research by dr. danny zborover

• reasearch based learning 
• embraces majors and non majors 
• works with leading scholars around the world (UCSB, Liverpool, UNC, UCLA, Eastern Conneticut University 
• living the field life - from luxury to adventures 
• hamelula festivity 
• 
  

gorillas

• according to the fossil record, ape descendants originated in Africa more than 25 illion years ago and the Asia and Europe 
• over 15 genera of apes have been identified by palentologists 

• charles darwin 
• 1809-1882 
• was training to become a physician in the beginning 
• founder of the field of biology particularly evolutionary biology 
• gallapagos islands 

proconsoul

• greek for before consul 
• habitat is the jungles of africa 
• existed in the micone era 
• proconsul may have been the first true ape 

• humans come from homo erectus 
• prosimions consit of leeemurs 
• old world monkeys consist of babons 
• neww world monkeys are spider monkeys 
• great apes are gorillas and arangatangs 
• chimpanzees are active during the day time 
• social organization 
• live in communities 
• mating 
• sex is promiscuous 
• courtship does exist 
• high ranking female chimps have more offspring 
• males prefer to mat with older, expirenced women 
• communication 
• complex system of vocalizations 
• body language 
• human like facial expressiones 
• chimpanzes are male dominant