• used tools to break nuts 
• pebble tools - used to cut 
• ardi-afar/greek term for "root" 
• 4.4 million years ago 
• middle awash area 
• humans have long term memories but chimpanzees can not 

austlopithecus

• the oldest hominin species to make stone tools 
• using those tools to extract fats from animal bones 

gigantopithicus

• another name is "giant ape 
• it was named by gustav heinrich ralph von koenigswald in 1935 
• it was estimated 
• they were discovered through a few hundreds of teeth and a few mandables ( lower jaws 
• in 1935 gustav discovered gigantopithecus while visiting a chinese apothecary shop in hong kong where he found an unusual 
• they were found to be herbivores, their diet consits mostly of plants. this was inferred by the shape of their mouth and their wide flat teeth 
• g.blacki ( southeast asia) mostly ate bamboo 
• there is not one single event that could help paleontologists 
• 
  

steinheim skull

• the inner ear of the fossil has a feature in which neanderthals and hom sapiens differ 
• the location of the
• brain tumor ebrhard karls universit of tuebgen in 2003 by Alfred Czarneriki, 

homo florensis

• discovered on the indonesian island of flores in 2003 by a joint Australlian Indonesian team of archelogists 
• the most important and obvious identifying features of h, florensis 
• 
  

origins of fire

• homo erectus 1.z million hearth fire pits 
• lower paleolithic ( ston age) 
• older woman 
• control fire 
• natural occurance ( lightning, metor impacts) 
• use of fire 
• heat treat tools 
• used for cooking 
• used to keep warm 
• modern uses 
• changes in evolution 
• smaller jaws 
• saller teeth 
• softer food 
• smaller gut 

kabwe 1

• site : kabawe, zambia 
• year
• kabawe cranium, also called broken hill cranium. Fossilized skull of an extinct human species (genus homo) found 
• broke hill 1 or kabwe 1, is noted for its massive facial features 
• 
  

• homo caprensis was found in 1994 coincidentally by construction workers in a highwayrobital region medially concave 
• intermediate position of the external auditory meatus in regard to the processus zygomati 
• age of ho cepranesis 
• "ceperano man" 
• between 300000 and 500000 years ago 
• cranial features in between 
• what they found 
• it has a unique combination of morphological features including incomplete sclus suprabitalis 
• frontal tuber weekly developed medially shifted,

• deinotherium 
• sivatherium 
• savannah 
• jane goodall 
• austrolopythesines compete with hayeenas, lions and chimpanzees 
• trees provide fruit 
• 
  

Homo Rudolfensis

• fossil uncovered by richard leaky in 1972 
• discovered in lake turkana 
• location: eastern africa 
• critical feature: a braincase size of 775 cubic centimeters 
• originally considered to be H.habiis, differ with larger braincase 
• 
  

humans as hunters

• 2.6 million years ago early humans used stone tools to hunt 
• earliest stone tools dated to paleolithic period created austolopithesus
• human weapons timeline 
• 400000 bc- earliest known evidence of humans using spears 
• 40000-25000 bc the altatl, uses for throwind flexible darts 
• human focus heavily on adult prey 
• modern technologies allow humoans to hunt with minimal danger 
• human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals and that the activity of hunting 
• 
  

Homo Habilis "Handy Man"

• discover in 1960 
• lived in south eastern africa 
• lived 2.4 illion - 1.4 million years ago 
• specifically in tanzania, fossil remains were found in Olduvai Gorge by Louis and Mary Leaky and their team 
• height: 2'4- 4'5 
• weight: 70 pounds 
• the term handy man comes from the habiis' ability to have stone tools found in their sites 
• it's said that homo 
• anthropoligists are still looking for more facts today 
• a lot more has not been found over the years 

the presidency and the executive branch

• the president as the leader of the executive branch 
• the president is responsible for implementing 

charles darwin 1809-1882

• john thomas scopes 1900-1970
• dayton tennese he taught as a football coach and a civic biology teacher 
• clarence darrow 
• william jennings bryan
• july 21st 1925 - john scopes was fined for teaching evolution 
•  piltdown
• raymand dart 
• robert broom 
• austrolopithacus 
• fricanus 
• olduvai gorge 
• 
  

australopithecus sediba

• in 2008, the first known speciman of Australopithecus sediba was found
• berger belived that sediba may have been a transitional species between 
• estimated to have lived between 1.977 and 1.98 million years 
• functional changes in the pelvis suggests the evoulution of upright walking 
• measurments of the strength of the humerus and femur 
• skull also has relatively small premlars and molars, and facial features 
• sediba was discovered not that long ago,

Lab 3

• inheritance - the passing of traits from one generation to the next 
• Gregor Mendel conducted a series of tests in a monastery located in the present-day czech republic
• he crossbred pea plants in the monastery garden and tracked the expression of different characteristics across multiple generations 
• some of the traits he studied included flower color, stem length, and pea color 
• 
  

Ape to Man

• charles darwin suggest that all living things came from earlier simpiler things including humans and published the origin of species 
• no one cared about the book at the time 
• humans could only have descended from apes 
• people were afraid of this notion because they feared being related to apes 
• johan karl 
• fuhlrott 
• eugene dubois searched for the missing link in southeast asia 
• homo erectus 
• moves to the island of java for his search 
• uses mathematics to find the missing link 
• he claims he has found the missing link pithcatherous erctus 
• 1.8 million - 200000 - homo erectus 
• similar to our own in shape and 2/3 the size of the brain 
• first to eat meat 
• they were scavengers
• for the first time body hair is leaving and not panting in the heat creating human speach 
• first to have broke bones and healing 
• first to discover fire 
•  

Astrolopegus

was found in 1995 

physical features 

their body size was probably similar to modern chimpanzees 

diet 

based off their reeth they ate large fruits and vegetables 

sterkontein mine

in south africa 15 km northwest of jhonesburg 

in 1896 guglielm matinaglia found the mine 

david draper 

in the 1890's, geologists called for the strekfontein caves to be protected 

austropithecus africanus was found there 

oldest known early humans from southern Africa 

combination of human like and ape like feature 

shoulder and hand bones indicated they were also adapted for climbing 

taung child was found there 

institute for field research by dr. danny zborover

• reasearch based learning 
• embraces majors and non majors 
• works with leading scholars around the world (UCSB, Liverpool, UNC, UCLA, Eastern Conneticut University 
• living the field life - from luxury to adventures 
• hamelula festivity 
• 
  

gorillas

• according to the fossil record, ape descendants originated in Africa more than 25 illion years ago and the Asia and Europe 
• over 15 genera of apes have been identified by palentologists